Prehistory+definitions

__Bias__: Something that you are leaning towards /something you value more then other(s) __World view__: Your perspective of the world based on values __Prehistory__: Refers to periods of history before written records. __Enculturation__: an older generation teaching a younger one values and technology. (Examples: dad teaching son how to fix car, "this is why we don't like these people", "this is why we worship god".) __Adaptation__:Changing to survive in your environment/surroundings. __Bipedalism__: walking on two legs __Palentologist__: Studies ancient skeletons __Paleoneurologist__:Someone who studies the evolution of the brain mainly by making endocasts of ancient skulls. __Paleoanthropology__: The study of ancient humans as found in fossils. __Endocast__: Mould taken from the inside of a fossil skull, reveals the shape of the brain. __Homo Habilis__: (Handyman. identifiers? 2.5-1.5 million years ago, they had big front teeth, ridges above their eyes, "proturding" jaws, brain is half the size of our brain first homo genus to live in Africa.)These first humans lived in Africa. They were about 1.5 meters tall and had heavy ridges above their eyes, flat noses large front teeth, and protruding jaws. Their brains were about half as big as the human brain is today. __Homo Erectus__: Stood upright. Walked and ran. Used exhaustion hunting. Lived in small groups. Cooked food with fire. Migrated around Africa, Europe and Asia. Began "reading" human facial expression. Lost body hair. They lived from about 1.8 million to 200, 000 years ago. __Homo Sapiens__: "Thinking man". First appeared in Africa. There were several groups of them around the world. Examples: Cro-Magnons, Neanderthals, and us. They lived from about 250, 000 BCE- current day. __Lascaux Cave Drawings__: Paintings of bulls, wild horses and deer in motion on a cave wall in south-western France. Was undiscovered for ~15 000 years. __Neanderthals:__ A type of homo sapiens who moved from Africa to Europe. Their brains and bodies were bigger than ours. They only ate red meat, so they died out during the Ice Age when all of the large animals that they ate became extinct. They lived from approximately 40 000 to 25 000 years ago, and are our closest cousin. __Cro Magnons__: The cro-magnons were a civilization of people that were Homo Sapiens. They had developed a language, were tall, and were intelligent. __Ice Age__: (the last one) 20,000 - 12000 years ago. In this time, northern areas were covered in large sheets of glaciers(definition from textbook, page 30) __Human migration__: the movement of groups of humans from one place to another. __Exhaustion Hunting__: Exhaustion hunting was when, instead of using time and effort to build/ carry tools, homo erectus would chase an animal until it died of exhaustion. The animals died because they could not sweat and cool off, whereas people could. __Explain the relationship between climate change, intelligence, diet and culture/language__: Mr. Martin said on Wed: As the environment changed (colder, wetter, drier, more trees, less trees) humans who could adapt to surroundings survived. This required intelligence. Also, adapting itself seems to increase intelligence (problem solving). As brains get bigger, so do calorie needs. Homo Erectus started eating meat. Sitting around the fire encouraged srong group bonds and may have led to language. "reading" faces also builds empathy, which helps abstract thought. Homo Sapiens faced terrible climate change and desert conditions, changing their diet. When they left Africa and faced the ice age, their new diet helped them survive, because they didn't have to rely on meat. After the ice age, this led to experimenting with grains, which led to farming. Abstract thought leads to symbol, art, religion, and language, which is culture.

__Paeleolithic era__: 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 BCE. During this time people will hunters, gatherers and began to develop fairly sophisticated tools. They learnt how to hunt because at the beginning all they could eat was meat and grizzle left over from other animals' preys and berries. __Mesolithic era__: 10,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE. People began to learn how to harvest wheat and they developed tools to do so. Also these humans started to stay in one place more than they had done in the past. __Neolithic era__: 8,000 BCE - 3,500 BCE. People began to learn how to farm. They grew crops, stayed in one place and raised animals. They learnt how to polish stone to make tools.